Quick read
Key points
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Fertility problems affect many couples and are generally considered when a pregnancy hasn't happened after a year of trying (or six months if the person trying to conceive is over 35). Causes can involve either partner, or sometimes no clear cause is found, and can include ovulation problems, issues with sperm, blocked fallopian tubes, endometriosis, or age-related decline in egg quality.
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Topic-specific prevention and risk reduction will be added during the article-specific evidence audit.
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You haven't conceived after a year of trying (or 6 months if over 35)
01 · Know
What is Fertility Problems?
Fertility problems affect many couples and are generally considered when a pregnancy hasn't happened after a year of trying (or six months if the person trying to conceive is over 35). Causes can involve either partner, or sometimes no clear cause is found, and can include ovulation problems, issues with sperm, blocked fallopian tubes, endometriosis, or age-related decline in egg quality.
A range of investigations and treatments are available, from lifestyle adjustments and medication to assisted reproduction techniques like IUI or IVF, depending on the underlying cause.
02 · Understand
Clinical context
Both partners are usually assessed
Fertility investigations typically involve both partners, since around a third of cases relate to male factors, a third to female factors, and the rest are a combination or unexplained.
03 · Act
When to See a Doctor
- 1You haven't conceived after a year of trying (or 6 months if over 35)
- 2You have irregular or absent periods, or a known condition like PCOS or endometriosis
- 3You have a history of pelvic infection, surgery, or a previous diagnosis affecting fertility
- 4You simply want to understand your options before or during trying to conceive
04 · Prevent & manage
Practical steps
Give It Time, But Don't Delay Seeking Advice If Concerned
Many people conceive without difficulty within a year, but if you have any known risk factors or concerns, it's reasonable to seek advice sooner rather than waiting.
- 1Track ovulation if helpful.Understanding your cycle can help time intercourse, though this isn't essential for everyone.
- 2Support overall health.A balanced diet, regular exercise, not smoking, and limiting alcohol can all support fertility.
- 3Take folic acid.This is recommended for anyone trying to conceive, to reduce the risk of neural tube defects.
- 4Seek support together as a couple.Fertility difficulties can be emotionally challenging — many people find counselling or support groups helpful.
- 5See a GP for initial investigations.They can arrange basic tests and refer you to a fertility specialist if needed.
Evidence
References
BarnMD Health Intelligence uses authoritative and clinically relevant sources appropriate to the topic. References are shown so readers can inspect the evidence directly.
- HSE: Fertility problems ↗
Medical information notice
Health education, not individual medical advice
BarnMD Health Library provides general health education for public health literacy. Reading this article does not establish a doctor-patient relationship and this information is not a diagnosis, prescription, or personalised treatment plan. If you have symptoms or concerns about your health, seek appropriate advice from a qualified healthcare professional. If you develop emergency warning signs, seek urgent or emergency medical attention.
BarnMD Bottom Line
Fertility problems are common, and a wide range of effective investigations and treatments are available.
Seeking advice earlier rather than later — especially if you have known risk factors — gives more options for treatment.